Phospho-MYLK (Y464) Polyclonal Antibody, 100µg, (ATB-P1119)

Description

Background:

This gene, a muscle member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, encodes myosin light chain kinase which is a calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme. This kinase phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chains to facilitate myosin interaction with actin filaments to produce contractile activity. This gene encodes both smooth muscle and nonmuscle isoforms. In addition, using a separate promoter in an intron in the 3′ region, it encodes telokin, a small protein identical in sequence to the C-terminus of myosin light chain kinase, that is independently expressed in smooth muscle and functions to stabilize unphosphorylated myosin filaments. A pseudogene is located on the p arm of chromosome 3. Four transcript variants that produce four isoforms of the calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme have been identified as well as two transcripts that produce two isoforms of telokin. Additional variants have been identified but lack full length transcripts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase implicated in smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Also regulates actin-myosin interaction through a non-kinase activity. Phosphorylates PTK2B/PYK2 and myosin light-chains. Involved in the inflammatory response (e.g. apoptosis, vascular permeability, leukocyte diapedesis), cell motility and morphology, airway hyperreactivity and other activities relevant to asthma. Required for tonic airway smooth muscle contraction that is necessary for physiological and asthmatic airway resistance. Necessary for gastrointestinal motility. Implicated in the regulation of endothelial as well as vascular permeability, probably via the regulation of cytoskeletal rearrangements. In the nervous system it has been shown to control the growth initiation of astrocytic processes in culture and to participate in transmitter release at synapses formed between cultured sympathetic ganglion cells. Critical participant in signaling sequences that result in fibroblast apoptosis. Plays a role in the regulation of epithelial cell survival. Required for epithelial wound healing, especially during actomyosin ring contraction during purse-string wound closure. Mediates RhoA-dependent membrane blebbing. Triggers TRPC5 channel activity in a calcium-dependent signaling, by inducing its subcellular localization at the plasma membrane. Promotes cell migration (including tumor cells) and tumor metastasis. PTK2B/PYK2 activation by phosphorylation mediates ITGB2 activation and is thus essential to trigger neutrophil transmigration during acute lung injury (ALI). May regulate optic nerve head astrocyte migration. Probably involved in mitotic cytoskeletal regulation. Regulates tight junction probably by modulating ZO-1 exchange in the perijunctional actomyosin ring. Mediates burn-induced microvascular barrier injury; triggers endothelial contraction in the development of microvascular hyperpermeability by phosphorylating MLC. Essential for intestinal barrier dysfunction. Mediates Giardia spp.-mediated reduced epithelial barrier function during giardiasis intestinal infection via reorganization of cytoskeletal F-actin and tight junctional ZO-1. Necessary for hypotonicity-induced Ca²⁺ entry and subsequent activation of volume-sensitive organic osmolyte/anion channels (VSOAC) in cervical cancer cells. Responsible for high proliferative ability of breast cancer cells through anti-apoptosis.

Product datasheet:

References:

1. IgE regulates the expression of smMLCK in human airway smooth muscle cells. Balhara J, et al. PLoS One, 2014. PMID 24722483 Free PMC Article
2. MicroRNA regulation of nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase expression in human lung endothelium. Adyshev DM, et al. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2013 Jul. PMID 23492194 Free PMC Article
3. Myosin-activating protein kinases are possible regulators of nonmuscle myosin in developing human heart. Stepanova OV, et al. Bull Exp Biol Med, 2011 Dec. PMID 22808459
4. An intronic MYLK variant associated with inflammatory lung disease regulates promoter activity of the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase isoform. Han YJ, et al. J Mol Med (Berl), 2012 Mar. PMID 22015949
5. Endothelial cell substrate stiffness influences neutrophil transmigration via myosin light chain kinase-dependent cell contraction. Stroka KM, et al. Blood, 2011 Aug 11. PMID 21652678 Free PMC Article
6. The human myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) from hippocampus: cloning, sequencing, expression, and localization to 3qcen-q21.
   Potier M.-C., Chelot E., Pekarsky Y., Gardiner K., Rossier J., Turnell W.G.
   Genomics 29:562-570(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 9), TISSUE SPECIFICITY. Tissue: Hippocampus.
7. Myosin light chain kinase in endothelium: molecular cloning and regulation.
   Garcia J.G.N., Lazar V.L., Gilbert-Mcclain L.I., Gallagher P.J., Verin A.D.
   Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 16:489-494(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1). Tissue: Umbilical vein endothelial cell.
8. A single human myosin light chain kinase gene (MLCK; MYLK).
   Lazar V.L., Garcia J.G.N.
   Genomics 57:256-267(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORMS 2; 3A AND 3B), NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 1281-1914 (ISOFORM 4). Tissue: Umbilical vein.
9. Differential regulation of alternatively spliced endothelial cell myosin light chain kinase isoforms by p60(Src).
   Birukov K.G., Csortos C., Marzilli L., Dudek S., Ma S.-F., Bresnick A.R., Verin A.D., Cotter R.J., Garcia J.G.N.
   J. Biol. Chem. 276:8567-8573(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] Cited for: SEQUENCE REVISION (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2), PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 457-476 AND 968-985, FUNCTION, BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-464 AND TYR-471, CALMODULIN-BINDING, ENZYME REGULATION.
10. Analysis of the kinase-related protein gene found at human chromosome 3q21 in a multi-gene cluster: organization, expression, alternative splicing and polymorphic marker.
    Watterson D.M., Schavocky J.P., Guo L., Weiss C., Chlenski A., Shrinsky V.P., Van Eldik L.J., Haiech J.
    3.3.CO;2-X”>J. Cell. Biochem. 75:481-491(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 6), NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA] (ISOFORM 8), NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1614-1914 (ISOFORM 9/DEL-1790), TISSUE SPECIFICITY. Tissue: Lung and Placenta.